Frameless construction using single and double plenum panels

ABSTRACT

A method of constructing a building comprising the steps of attaching a first panel to a second panel. The first panel is one of a single plenum panel and a multi-plenum panel and the second panel is one of a single plenum panel and a multi-plenum panel.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Ser. No. 16/357,825, U.S. Ser.No. 14/988,065, U.S. Ser. No. 15/795,306, U.S. Ser. No. 15/459,620, U.S.Ser. No. 14/711,943, U.S. Ser. No. 13/782,406, U.S. Ser. No. 14/099,100,U.S. Ser. No. 13/539,919, U.S. Ser. No. 13/016,320 and U.S. Ser. No.12/987,832, which are incorporated by reference into the presentdisclosure as if fully restated herein. Any conflict between theincorporated material and the specific teachings of this disclosureshall be resolved in favor of the latter. Likewise, any conflict betweenan art-understood definition of a word or phrase and a definition of theword or phrase as specifically taught in this disclosure shall beresolved in favor of the latter.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to methods and devices for frameless buildingconstruction utilizing single and multi-plenum panels with variousspacing structural elements.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Conventional wood homes and structures are built in stages, with woodframing erected first, and sheathing attached at a later date. Usually,homes and other wooden structures are built using “2 by” framing,normally from the ground up. For example, 2×10′s are normally used forjoists for floors, typically 16 inches on center, and are covered withsheathing for a floor deck, typically in 4′×8′ sheets of OSB or plywood.

Walls are then constructed using 2×4 or 2×6 lumber with a continuoussill plate, a double top plate, and vertical studs every 16 inches.Openings for windows and doors require double studs and jack studs tohold headers and sills.

Once the wall frames are erected, they are then usually sheathed with anOSB or plywood product typically in 4′×8′ sheets. Sometimes thissheathing is also utilized in the resistance of shear force. Holes mustbe cut for windows and doors. For two story homes, this floor and wallframing/sheathing process is repeated.

A roof structure is then constructed using 2× lumber forrafters—typically 2×8's or 2×10's or 2×12's depending on snow load. Therafters are typically 16 inches on center. The roof is then covered withsheathing of ⅜″ thickness to ⅝″ thickness, typically in 4′×8′ sheets ofOSB or plywood. Waterproof roofing material can then be applied to theroof deck.

Ceiling joists must also be installed to support interior finishes.Ceiling joists are typical 2×6 or 2×8 and installed at 16 inches oncenter.

The framing of a building involves cutting, nailing, erecting andattaching studs, headers, jack studs, joists, rim joists, trusses, andrafters. All of this framing incurs costs of time, labor, materials, andextended exposure of the interior building materials to the elementswhile the building remains uncovered.

And although traditional modular construction results in an expeditedhouse once the modular pieces are at the construction site, modularhomes still use stick framing at the factory and still has theassociated time, labor, materials and cost as stick built orconventionally framed buildings. Additionally, modular homes incur extracosts and special requirements for transporting the modular pieces tothe construction site.

Similarly, manufactured housing, whether single wide, double wide ortriple wide, is also constructed using traditional use stick framing atthe factory and still has the associated time, labor, materials and costas stick built or conventionally framed buildings. Additionally,manufactured homes incur extra costs and special requirements fortransporting the modular pieces to the construction site.

In all cases, insulation is typically applied around the existingframing members. The framing members cause a thermal short in thethermal envelope and also allows for incomplete insulation installationbecause of framing members and the many of corners, blocking, headers,as well as the many hap-hazard holes drilled for the installation ofplumbing, mechanical and electrical systems. The result withconventional framing is an insulating layer that is incomplete withleaks and thermal breaks at the studs; all reducing thermal performance.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Wherefore, it is an object of the present invention to overcome theabove mentioned shortcomings and drawbacks associated with the priorart.

The disclosed inventive methods and devices allow construction ofprimarily and/or substantially wooden structures of sufficient strengthsuch that conventional framing with lumber is not necessary. This willsave time, cost, and resources in constructing structures whileproviding for better insulation. The disclosed methods and devicesutilize single and multi-plenum structural panels as described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 8,490,355, 8,534,018, 8,635,822, 8,615,945, 9,091,049, and9,050,766. All six patents are incorporated by reference herein. Anyconflict between any document incorporated herein and the specificteachings of this specification shall be resolved in favor of thelatter. Likewise, any conflict between an art-understood definition of aword or phrase and a definition of the word or phrase as specificallytaught in this specification shall be resolved in favor of the latter.

The single plenum panels comprise two parallel and substantiallyoverlapping sheets connected to one another by spacing structuralelements. The spacing between the two sheets forms a plenum that air maypass through. The combined strength of the single plenum panel istypically greater than the sum of the strength of the two individualsheets. The spacing structural elements are typically blocks or matrixmembers and are arranged to provide a plurality of unobstructedpassageways through the plenum from one edge of the panel to another.The single plenum panels have a height and width typically around 4 feetby 8 feet in measurement, but can be larger depending on manufacturingability and structural need. The depth of the single plenum panels istypically between one and six inches.

The multi-plenum panels comprise three parallel and substantiallyoverlapping sheets. A first sheet is connected to a first surface of thesecond sheet by spacing structural elements creating a first plenum,similar to a single plenum panel. The third sheet is connected to asecond opposite surface of the second sheet by spacing structuralelements creating a second plenum. As the second sheet is connected toboth the first and the third sheet, a combined multi-plenum panel iscreated. The height and width of the multi-plenum panel is comparable tothat of the single plenum panel. The depth of the multi-plenum panel istypically between two and eight inches.

The inventive methods and devices described herein provide a method ofconstructing homes and similar wood framed structures withoutconventional framing. Because the disclosed single and multi-plenumpanels have very high inherent strength, they are able to spanconsiderable distances and carry significant loads. As such,conventional framing is not necessary in most situations.

The walls of a building constructed of single plenum panels, withoutframing, have more bearing area than conventionally framed walls. Forexample, a ½″ inside bearing sheet of a single plenum panel wall hasmore bearing area than conventional 2×4 studs at 16″ on center, and hasapproximately the same area as 2×6 framing at 16″ on center. Singleplenum panels can also be used for a roof without framing and providingsimilar strength. Similarly, multi-plenum panel flooring hasconsiderable and typically even greater span and load carrying capacitythan single plenum panels.

In addition to the inherent ventilation attributes of single plenumpanels and air distribution capabilities of multi plenum panels, thesepanels can be constructed in large continuous panels allowing a home tobe assembled in about a day. The panels may be preassembled in afactory, transported to the build site, and assembled with a crane. Acrane at construction sites is becoming a more common piece of equipmentthat is used for a variety of purposes and sometimes a crane is at thesite throughout the construction period.

These panels are strong and offer more potential than just a normalsheathing panel. With continuous manufacturing mills, it is possible touse full undivided continuous sheets to construct single plenum panelsand multi plenum panels that span an entire face of a building, or spanof a wall, floor, ceiling, or roof. The Single plenum panel load-bearingwalls could be a single, long panel with perforations for windows anddoors. Additionally, the windows and doors themselves could beconstructed in the factory and added in the factory or at the buildingsite.

The single plenum panels are very strong. Long span panels can be usedfor roofing together with the roof connecting device and/or inconjunction with conventional framing.

Continuous panel ceilings are also possible with either single plenumpanels or multi-plenum panels.

The benefits of frameless single and multi-plenum panel constructioninclude easy transportation of materials to the field, especiallycompared to modular homes, and providing a home that can be assembled inthe field in one day. The savings associated with just these twobenefits are significant in materials, time and labor.

Additionally, using exterior weatherproof sheathing on the exteriorsheet of the panels, such as the Zip System (a product and trademark ofHuber), or applying weather-tight materials to one or more sheets of thepanel in the factory and having the windows and doors pre-installedmeans the structure can be erected and closed to the weather in one day.

Having the home closed in one day means the trades can start the nextday. This is again a significant savings in time and money.

This technology is ideally suited for the modular and manufactured homeindustries with immediate benefits. Of course, it is also suitable andvaluable for everyday home construction, as well as other currentlyconventionally framed structures such as apartments, schools, motels,hotels, restaurants, churches, etc.

Single plenum panels can have an EI value per foot exceeding 15,000,000lb-in², and can be easily double that value depending on spacingstructural members, sheet thickness and makeup, and methods ofattachment. Multi-plenum panels are significantly greater. This allowssignificant loads and spans, which means most walls, roofs, ceilings andfloors can be spanned with one continuous panel. The limiting factor isthe manufacturing width.

The inherent configuration of single plenum panels with two sheets andan interior matrix for use as a load bearing wall has the additionalfeature of stabilizing the load-bearing sheet from buckling so that itcan bear its capacity in compression and with little concern forinstability.

The disclosed frameless construction method also substantiallyeliminates thermal breaks which always exist with conventional framedconstruction. There are no studs making a thermal short-cut to theoutside. Nor are there rafter's shortcutting an occupied upper space.The disclosed method provides a full thermal envelope with full exteriorventilation. A significant benefit in building safety, comfort, andstability.

Ventilation is assured for code compliance where applicable and healthand energy efficiency in the walls and roofs. Air distribution withmulti-plenum panels eliminates the need for ductwork.

There are various devices described herein such as roof connectors andinsulation gauges. It is intended, though not required, that thesedevices be constructed from extruded, formed or folded or otherwiseconstructed from a material including, but not limited to aluminum,other metals, plastics, wood fiber, carbon fiber, fiberglass, magnesiumoxide, sheet metal or composites of a combination of any of the above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of the specification, illustrate various embodiments of theinvention and together with the general description of the inventiongiven above and the detailed description of the drawings given below,serve to explain the principles of the invention. It is to beappreciated that the accompanying drawings are not necessarily to scalesince the emphasis is instead placed on illustrating the principles ofthe invention. The invention will now be described, by way of example,with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a partial see through perspective view of a buildingconstructed according to the invention with each of the walls, roofspans, floor, and ceiling panels constructed of continuous single ormulti-plenum panels;

FIG. 2 is a partial see through perspective view of a buildingconstructed according to the invention with each of the walls, roof,floor, and ceiling panels constructed of multiple single or multi-plenumpanels;

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a building according to FIG. 1 alsoshowing two roof connectors;

FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a roof connector according to the presentinvention;

FIG. 5 is a partial perspective view of a roof connector according tothe present invention;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are partial perspective views of two additionalembodiments of roof connectors according to the present invention;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are side sectional views of two further additionalembodiments of roof connectors according to the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a partial sectional view of a floor, wall, and foundation of abuilding according to the present invention, were the wall is a singleplenum panel and the floor is a multi-plenum panel;

FIG. 9 is a partial perspective sectional view of a floor, wall, andfoundation of a building according to the present invention, were thewall is a single plenum panel and the floor is a multi-plenum panel andholes are present in the exterior sheet of the single plenum panel;

FIG. 10 is partial sectional view of a of a floor, wall, and foundationof a building according to the present invention, were the wall is asingle plenum panel and the floor is a multi-plenum panel and holes inthe exterior sheet of the single plenum panel allow for fasteners to beattached directly from the interior sheet of the single plenum panel;

FIG. 11 is a partial sectional view of an alternate embodiment of FIG.8, where both the wall and the floor are single plenum panels;

FIG. 12 is a partial sectional view of an another alternate embodimentof FIG. 8, where the wall is a single plenum panel and the floor isconventional flooring with floor joists;

FIG. 13 is a partial sectional view of a of a wall, ceiling, and roof ofa building according to the present invention, where the wall, ceiling,and roof are all single plenum panels;

FIG. 14A is a partial sectional view of an alternate embodiment of FIG.11, where both the wall and roof are single plenum panels and theceiling is a multi-plenum panel and in FIGS. 14A to 14D, details of fourembodiments of louvers are shown;

FIG. 15 is a partial sectional view of a wall and floor/ceiling of amulti-floor building according to the present invention, where the firstand second level walls are both single plenum panels and the first levelfloor/second level ceiling is a multi-plenum panel;

FIG. 16 is a partial sectional view of an alternate embodiment of FIG.15, where the first and second level walls and the first levelfloor/second level ceiling are all single plenum panels, and the firstand second level walls provide a continuous vertical ventilation path;

FIG. 17 is a partial sectional view of another alternate embodiment ofFIG. 15, where the first and second level walls are both single plenumpanels and the first level floor/second level ceiling is a multi-plenumpanel, and the first and second level walls provide a continuousvertical ventilation path;

FIGS. 18A and 18B is a partial sectional view and a close-up perspectiveview of a device to facilitate installing insulation and drywall on aninclined single or multi plenum wall of a building according to thepresent invention;

FIG. 19 is a partial sectional view of a of a wall and a roof accordingto the present invention, where the wall is a single plenum panel andthe roof uses conventional trusses

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of an insulation guide according to thepresent invention;

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of three installed insulation guides,including an electric box on the middle depicted insulation guide,according to the present invention;

FIG. 22 is a perspective view of an installed insulation guide with a“T” wall flange and an electric box according to the present invention;

FIG. 23 is a simplified perspective view of a door or window frame boxaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 24 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the door orwindow frame box according to the present invention;

FIG. 25 is a partial sectional view of the door or window frame boxaccording to FIG. 24 installed in a single plenum panel wall;

FIGS. 26A to 26D are a top, a first partial side omitting the screwshaft, a second partial side omitting front and back cutting teeth, anda bottom view of a two layer self-seating toothed screw according to thepresent invention;

FIG. 27 is a first partial sectional view of the self-seating toothedscrew according to FIGS. 26A to 26D being seated in a single plenumpanel;

FIG. 28 is a second partial sectional view, temporally after the view ofFIG. 27, of the self-seating toothed screw according to FIGS. 26A to 26Dbeing seated in a single plenum panel;

FIG. 29 is a partial sectional view of double-head screw seated in asingle plenum panel according to the present invention;

FIGS. 30A to 30C are partial see through and exploded partialperspective views of insertion connecting blocks connecting two adjacentsingle plenum panels and a perspective view of the insertion connectingblock;

FIGS. 31A to 31C are partial see through and exploded partialperspective views of insertion connecting blocks connecting two adjacentsingle plenum panels and a perspective view of the insertion connectingblock;

FIGS. 32A to 32C are partial see through and exploded partialperspective views of H connectors connecting two adjacent single plenumpanels and a partial perspective view of the H connector;

FIGS. 33A to 33C are partial see through and exploded partialperspective views of perforated H connectors connecting two adjacentsingle plenum panels and a partial cut-out perspective view of theperorated H connector;

FIGS. 34A and 34B are partial see through and exploded partialperspective views of a further embodiment for connecting adjacent singleplenum panels to one another with blocking and a ridged/tensile strip;

FIGS. 35A and 35B is a partial perspective view of a method of joiningtwo adjacent single plenum panels via spikes and an up close partiallysee through perspective view of a spike;

FIGS. 36 and 37 two temporally spaced partial sectional views of a threelayer self-seating long toothed screw for multi plenum panels accordingto the present invention;

FIG. 38A is a sectional view of a roof arrangement constructed withsingle plenum panels with a continuous ridge vent;

FIGS. 38B and 38C are exemplary router bit designs which could form/cuta ventilation strip according to one embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 39A is an isomeric view of a single plenum panel with a ventilationstrip being cut or formed into the interior sheet of the panel accordingto one embodiment;

FIG. 39B and is an isomeric view of an interior of an attic constructedwith single plenum panels and including a ventilation strip;

FIG. 40A is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with a block edge to edge joint;

FIG. 40B is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with a block edge to edge jointwith a compressed foam gasket;

FIG. 41A is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with an overlap/shiplap joint;

FIG. 41B is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with a tongue and groove joint;

FIG. 42A is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with a V and V groove joint;

FIG. 42B is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with block edge to edge clipjoint;

FIG. 43A is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with a miter joint;

FIG. 43B is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with a miter joint with a snaplock feature having a convex element on one miter edge and a matingconcave element on the other miter edge;

FIG. 44 is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with a V and V groove joint witha snap lock feature;

FIG. 45 is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with a V and V groove joint witha plurality of convex elements or teeth on the V groove and a matingplurality of concave element notches on the V;

FIG. 46 is a diagrammatic cross section of two adjacent sheets of twoadjacent single or multi-plenum panels with a tongue and groove jointwith plurality of concave element recesses on the top and bottom of thetongue and a mating plurality of convex element ribs in the groove, anda sealant and/or adhesive and/or gasket on the inner vertical wall ofthe groove;

FIG. 47A is a diagrammatic exploded cross section of two adjacent sheetsof two adjacent single or multi-plenum panels having a V and V groovejoint with a compressible teeth insert attached to the to the male V,with the teeth extending from the surface of the male V; and

FIG. 47B is a diagrammatic cross section view of a V and V groove jointof FIG. 47A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will be understood by reference to the followingdetailed description, which should be read in conjunction with theappended drawings. It is to be appreciated that the following detaileddescription of various embodiments is by way of example only and is notmeant to limit, in any way, the scope of the present invention. In thevarious Figures, single plenum panels 2 and multi-plenum panels 4 aredepicted. Such panels 2, 4 are disclosed and described in detail in theincorporated patents and briefly in the Summary section above.

Turning now to FIG. 1, a brief description concerning the variouscomponents of the present invention will now be briefly discussed. Asshown in this embodiment, a whole house or building 2 is constructedusing continuous single plenum panels 8 and continuous multi plenumpanels 10 for construction. This typical home 6 has a front andfirst/left side wall 12 shown, each constructed of continuous singleplenum panels 8, back and second/right side wall 12 (partially visiblein background) are also each constructed of continuous single plenumpanels 8. The left sloping portion and right sloping portion of the roof14 are also each constructed of continuous single plenum panels. Thefront and back vertical triangular portions of the roof 14 are each alsoconstructed of single plenum panels, with could be the same continuoussingle plenum panel as the vertical front and back wall 12 beneath eachvertical roof 14 section or could be separate continuous single plenumpanels. The ceiling 16 and the floor 18 are each constructed of multiplenum panels.

This is the preferred embodiment, but other arrangements are possiblewithin the scope of this invention. For example, all of the walls 12,roof 14, ceiling 16, and floor 18 can be constructed of a continuoussingle plenum panel 8, or all could be constructed of a continuousmulti-plenum panel 10, or some other combination thereof in addition tothat described in the preferred embodiment, as desired to fulfillparticular space and cost constraints of the building 6.

As shown in FIG. 1, holes are cut where desired for openings for windows20, doors 22, and other necessary penetrations as for utilities, vents,etc. Further embodiments addressing the installation of doors 22 andwindows 20 is discussed below.

Advantageously, because of the multiple connection points between anddistributed across the areas of the two opposing sheets 24 of the singleand multi-plenum panels 2, 4, 8, 10, which are provided by the numerousspacing structural elements 26, placement of a window 20 or door 22 holedoes not substantially decrease the strength of a wall 12. The load isdistributed to the multiple connection points surrounding the hole.

Typically, a single plenum panel 2, 8 has an outer or exterior sheet 58of ¼″ to ½″ and an interior or inner load bearing sheet 54 of ⅜″ to 1″,but more commonly ½″ to ¾″. The spacing structural elements 26 for thesingle plenum panel 2, 8 are typically matrix members 60, which aretypically elongated rectangular prisms formed of wood extending from oneedge of the panel to an opposite or an adjacent edge of the panel andhaving a with cross sections measuring preferably ¾″×¾″.

Typically, a multi-plenum panel 4, 10 has a top 62, a middle 64, and abottom 66 sheet, each measuring between ¼″ to 1 inch in thickness. It isnot uncommon for one or two of the sheets 62, 64, 66 to be thicker orthinner than the other two, but all three sheets may be the samethickness or of different thicknesses also, based on constructionstrength and weight and size requirements, for example. The spacingstructural elements 26 for multi-plenum panels are typically spacingblocks 68, preferably sized between 2.5″ and 4.5″ in length and width,and between 1″ and 2.5″ in height.

Turning next to FIG. 2, a second embodiment is shown. In thisembodiment, the house 6 is also built without a frame, but instead ofcontinuous panels 8, 10, its walls 12, floor 18, ceiling 16, and roof 14are built of smaller single and multi-plenum panels 2, 4—typically sized8 feet by 4 feet, and herein referred to as unit panels 2, 4. These unitpanels 2, 4 are each easier to handle and individually are faster toerect. But, because of the many number of unit panels necessary, thetotal installation time can be longer than the house in FIG. 1 utilizingcontinuous panels.

It should also be noted that an embodiment (not shown) utilizing acombination of both unit 2, 4 and continuous 8, 10 panels in a singlebuilding 6 construction falls within the scope of this invention. Asjust one example, the building may have walls 12 with unit panels 2, 4as shown in FIG. 2, and floors 18, ceiling 16, and roof 14 withcontinuous panels 8, 10 as shown in FIG. 1.

Turning next to FIG. 3, a cross section of a house 6 such as the house 6of FIG. 1 is shown. This house 6 utilizes continuous single plenumpanels 8 for the walls 12 and for the roof 14. The floor 18 is aconstructed of a continuous multi plenum panel 10. The ceiling 16 may beconstructed of a single plenum panel 8 (shown) or a multi plenum panel10 (not shown) as desired. As can be seen, no framing in present in thisbuilding 10. Because of the inherent strength in the single andmulti-plenum panels 2, 4, 8, 10×in bending, compression, shear, andstability against buckling with compressive loads—there is no need forconventional framing.

This method of construction is ideally suited for manufactured housingas well as conventional site built housing, and any construction builtwith conventional wood framing, including light construction such asapartment buildings, motels, hotels, restaurants, schools, shoppingcenters, etc.

As is described in further detail below, a continuous single plenumpanel 8 wall 12 would be installed on the foundation 28 sill plate 30and be temporarily braced. Once two continuous single plenum panel 8walls 12 are installed on the foundation 28 and joined to one another atan approximately ninety degree angle (for example, the front and firstleft side wall 12 of the house 6 in FIG. 1) the two walls 12 will besubstantially stable. However, it is advisable to retain the bracinguntil the ceiling panel 16 is installed.

Preferably before all the walls 12 are erected, a continuousmulti-plenum panel 10 flooring 18 is installed and joined to the singleplenum panel 8 walls 12 currently erected. Then the remaining wall(s) 12are attached to the foundation 28 sill plate 30, the floor panel 18, andthe adjacent walls 12.

A continuous single plenum panel 8 or multi-plenum panel 10 is theninstalled for the ceiling 16. As described in greater detail below, theceiling panel 16 will ideally be attached to wall blocking 32 which willhave been previously installed adjacent to the top of the single plenumpanel 8 walls 12. After this step, the structure 6 will be quite stable,and the temporary wall bracing can be removed.

The roofing 14 is then attached to the structure 6. Ideally, roofconnectors 34 will have been pre-installed to the roofing panels 14. Theroof connector 34 is a preferably continuous structural member havingpreferably the same length as the roof panel 14 for continuous panels 8,10 or the same length as the entire roof edge when used with unit panels2, 4. The roof connector 34 will be described in greater detail below.If the roof 14 is installed in two continuous panels 8, 10 with a jointat the top, the first roof panel 14 will preferably be braced orsuspended until the second roof panel 14 is assembled and attached.

The structure and sheathing is now complete. The home 6 is a soundstructure constructed without conventional framing.

A weather barrier can now be applied, as needed. The roofing (e.g.,shingles, felt, etc.) and the wall covering (e.g., siding) can beinstalled. If not done before hand, penetrations must be cut andfinished for windows 20 and doors 22. Insulation 36 can also beinstalled.

The savings in time, materials, and labor is significant.

Turning now to FIG. 4, a first embodiment of the roof connector 34 isshown. The roof connector 34 is anticipated to be continuous hollowtriangular prism, most likely formed of the same material along eachside. The roof connectors are designed to resist downward and upwardforces as well as lateral or horizontal sheer forces and bending forcesor moments. The roof connectors 34, via mechanical and/or adhesiveconnections to adjacent single and/or multi plenum panels, are designedto be an integral part of the structural system increasing thestructural strength of the building.

This is a typical roof connector 34 made of wood. It is anticipated thatit would be constructed of long strips of plywood or OSB with staggeredjoints, and/or finger-jointed material. The roof connector 34 could alsobe constructed from typical “2×” lumber of 1½″ thickness.

The roof connector 34 will typically have at least one roof adjacentsurface 38 that attaches to the roof panel 14. For roof connectors 34used at the roof 14/ceiling 16 connection, there will also be a ceilingadjacent surface that attaches to the ceiling panel 16 and an innerbuilding facing surface 42 that faces the interior of the building,typically an attic space. An angle formed by the roof adjacent surface38 and the ceiling adjacent surface 40 will preferably have the samedesired slope as the roof 14.

For the roof connector 34 used at the ridge 44 of the roof 14 inaddition to a first roof adjacent surface 38 there will be a second roofadjacent surface 38 and an inner building facing surface 42. The roofridge 44 roof connector 34 would have an apex (top most) angle formed bythe two roof adjacent surfaces 38 that matches the interior angle formedby the two roof panels 14 joining one another. The same roof connector34 can be used for both the roof 14/ceiling 16 eve location as well asthe ridge 44 location if the slope is the same on both sides of the roof14. Salt-box style homes 6—with roofs 14 of different angle in the frontand back of the house 6, would use roof connectors 34 of differentangled measurements.

Though the roof connector 34 is shown as an isosceles triangle, othertriangle cross sections could be used. For example, in instances wherethe roof 14 is steep, an isosceles triangle would cause the ceilingadjacent surface 40 base to be narrower than may be desired. In such aninstance, a non-isosceles triangle with a larger apex angle may bedesired, causing the non-adjacent inner building facing surface 42 toextend further into the interior of the building, causing the base to bewider. Alternatively, a lateral extension extending from the ceilingadjacent surface 40 base past a point where the inner building facingsurface 42 intersect the base may be provided, to allow for a largerbase while maintaining a smaller apex angle. Conversely, with a very lowsloping roof 14, a more acute apex angle than would be present for anisosceles triangle may be desired to keep the ceiling adjacent surface40 base from being longer than necessary. However, if a non-isoscelestriangle is used for the roof connectors 34 at a location where the roof14 connects to the ceiling 16, a different angled roof connector 34 willmost likely be required at the roof ridge 44.

Ideally, the roof connector 34 is attached to the adjoining panels 14,16 with both mechanical and adhesive fastening. This preferably includesattaching to the single plenum panel 2, 8 roof 14 and either the singleor multi plenum panel 2, 4, 8, 10 ceiling 16 or the single plenum panel2, 8 walls 12. In some embodiments, the roof connector may be at leastmechanically fastened to each of the wall, ceiling, and roof panels.

It is anticipated that the roof connector 34 for the roof 14/ceiling 16connection would be filled with insulation 36, foam or fiberglass orother typical insulating material. However, the roof connector 34 forthe roof 14/roof 14 ridge 44 connection could be hollow and/or haveperforations 46 to enhance the escape of hot attic gasses to acontinuous ridge vent 48.

Additionally, or alternatively, perforations 46 can be made in thesingle plenum 2, 8 roof panels 14 near the roof connector 34 tofacilitate a ventilation flow to the ridge vent 48.

The bottom/ceiling adjacent surface 40 dimension of the roof connector34 is anywhere between 6″ and 72″ as required for strength. Wider bottomlengths are anticipated where the bottom of the roof connector 34 isalso serving as the ceiling 16 for the upper level of a “cape cod” stylehome 6.

Turning next to FIG. 5, another embodiment of the roof connector 34 isshown. In this embodiment, the roof connector 34 is formed from anextrusion or mold of, for example, aluminum, plastics, wood fiber,fiberglass, composites, or carbon fiber. Additionally, the roofconnector 34 could also be formed of bent sheet metal, plastics,fiberglass, and carbon fiber.

The roof connector 34 is ideally a continuous structural member and hasthe same length as the roof panel 14 or roof 14/ceiling 16 edge. Similarto the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the roof connector 34 of thisembodiment would preferably have the same desired slope as the roof 14,and the same roof connector 34 would be able to be used for both theroof 14/ceiling 16 eve location as well as the roof ridge 44 location.However, just as in the previous embodiment, there are instances whereroof connectors 44 having non-isosceles triangle sections may bepreferable.

Ideally, as in the previous embodiment, the roof connector 34 isattached to the adjoining panels 12, 14, 16 with both mechanical andadhesive fastening. This preferably includes attaching to the singleplenum panel 2, 8 roof 14 and either the single or multi plenum panel 2,4, 8, 10 ceiling 16 or the single plenum panel 2, 8 walls 12. In someembodiments, the roof connector 34 may be at least mechanically fastenedto each of the wall 12, ceiling 16, and roof 14 panels.

As in the previous embodiment it is anticipated that the roof connector34 shown in FIG. 5 for the roof 14/ceiling 16 connection would be filledwith insulation 36, foam or fiberglass or other typical insulatingmaterial. However, the roof connector 34 for the roof ridge 44connection could be hollow and/or have perforations 46 to enhance theescape of hot attic gasses into a continuous ridge vent 48.

Additionally, or alternatively, as in the previous embodiment,perforations 46 can be provided in the single plenum 2, 8 roof panels 14near the roof connector 34 to facilitate a ventilation flow into theridge vent 48.

As in the previous embodiment, the bottom/ceiling adjacent surface 40dimension of the roof connector 34 is anywhere between 6″ and 72″ asrequired for strength. Wider bottom lengths are anticipated where thebottom of the roof connector 34 is also serving as the ceiling 16 forthe upper level of a “cape cod” style home 6.

Turning next to FIGS. 6A and 6B, two further embodiments of the roofconnector 34 are shown. These embodiments are ideal for attachinginclined single plenum panels 2, 8 (likely roof panels 14) to verticalsurfaces (likely single plenum 2, 8 wall panels 12). These embodimentsof the roof connector 34 are essentially a “half roof connector” aspreviously described. That is, they are hollow triangular prisms, butthey have a cross section shaped like one half of an isosceles triangle,or a right triangle. Both embodiments in FIGS. 6A and 6B are formed orextruded from aluminum, plastics, wood fiber, carbon fiber, fiberglass,composites, sheet metal, etc.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6B, a vertical flange 50 extends belowthe main body to allow for easier connection of the roof connector tothe adjacent vertical surface. This flange can also extend upwards ontoa vertical wall for a better connection where the adjacent vertical wallextends further upward.

These two embodiments allow the roof connector 32 to be attached to thesingle plenum 2, 8 roof panel 14 on the exterior portion of thebuilding, or, for example, with a soffit the interior of an attic space.Additionally, these embodiments allow the roof connector 34 to bedirectly adhesively and mechanically attached to the exterior sheet 58of the single plenum 2, 8 wall panels 12, especially the embodiment withthe vertical flange 50. It is understood that if desired, both a roofconnector 34 as shown in FIG. 5 and a roof connector 34 as shown in oneof the embodiments of FIGS. 6A and 6B could be used at a single wall12/roof 14/ceiling 16 connection—a roof connector 34 from FIG. 5 wherethe roof 14 is adjacent to the ceiling 16/edge blocking 70 (see FIG.13), and a roof connector from FIGS. 6A and 6B where the roof isadjacent to the wall 12/edge blocking 70.

Turning next to FIGS. 7A and 7B, another two additional embodiments ofthe roof connector 34 are shown. These two embodiments are essentiallythe same as the two roof connectors previously described in FIGS. 6A and6B, but the roof connectors in FIGS. 7A and 7B are made of wood.

Turning now to FIG. 8, one embodiment of the connection between the wall12, the floor 18, and the foundation 28 of a building 6 according to theinvention is shown. In this embodiment the walls 12 are constructed ofcontinuous single plenum panels 8 and the floor 18 is constructed ofmulti-plenum panels 4, 10. The load bearing single plenum wall panels 8would have as their main structural compressive member the inside facinginterior sheet 54. The interior sheets 54 would bear on a top surface ofthe sill plate 30, adjacent to an outer edge of the sill plate 30. Theinside sheets 54 would be located adjacent a 2×4 sill plate blocking 56installed on top of the sill plate 30. The sill plate blocking 56 wouldpreferably be installed in the field.

Connections would then be made between the single plenum 8 wall panel 12and the 2×4 sill plate blocking 56. Ideally, this would be both amechanical and adhesive connection. Mechanical connectors 74 such asscrews can penetrate the full single plenum panels 2, 8, or connectorholes 76 came be provided in the exterior sheet 58 of the single plenumpanels 2, 8 to facilitate installation of screws 74 directly into theinterior sheet 54 (as shown in later figures) at desired locations.

Next, the flooring 18 system would then be installed on the 2×4 sillplate blocking 56. The flooring 18 shown in this embodiment is amulti-plenum panel 4, 10. The multi plenum panel 4, 10 has a 2×4 edgeblocking 70 installed along its outer edge in the top plenum 78 andbottom plenum 80 to facilitate attachment to the wall 12 and the sillplate 30 and sill plate blocking 56. The height of the edge blocking 70in this embodiment matches the height of the respective plenums 78, 80,though other heights are possible. The length of the edge blocking 70 inthis embodiment is along the entire outer edge of the floor panel 18adjacent to the wall 12, but it may be shorter and/or in multiple spacedunits. The edge blocking 70 in this embodiment is present in both thetop and bottom plenum 78, 80, though could be in just one or the other.The edge blocking 70 may be larger or smaller in height, width, andlength as required by strength.

The single plenum panel 2, 8 is then attached to the flooring system 18,ideally with both adhesive and mechanical means. As shown, screws 74 canbe driven through the entire single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12, directlymechanically fastening both the interior and exterior sheets 54, 58 tothe sill plate blocking 56 and/or the floor panel 18 edge blocking 70.Additionally or alternatively, as described below, connector holes 76can be provided in the outer exterior sheet 58 to facilitate screws 74driven directly through the load bearing interior sheet 54 of the singleplenum panel 2, 8 into the sill plate blocking 56 and/or the floor panel18 edge blocking 70, with the head of the screw 74 adjacent the loadbearing interior sheet 54.

Although it is anticipated that screws 74 will be primarily used infastening, it should be noted that unless the text states “only screws,”the term screw used in this disclosure is not meant to be limiting, andshall include other mechanical fasteners 74 including, for example,nails, bolts and braids, as would be apparent to one of skill in theart.

Turning now to FIG. 9, a further embodiment of the floor 18/wall12/foundation 28 connection of FIG. 8 is shown. This Figure showsperforations or through connector holes that can be provided in theexterior sheet 58 of the single plenum panel 2, 8 to facilitate theconnection of the single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 to the flooring 18and foundation 28 system. The connector holes 76 can be provided eitherin the factory or field. The screws 74 used to mechanically attach thevarious elements to one another are not shown in this Figure to showgreater detail.

Additionally, a bottom portion of the exterior sheet 58 of the singleplenum panels 2, 8 can be removed in the factory or field to facilitatedirectly connecting the load bearing interior sheet 54 to the interiorstructure 6, especially the flooring 18 and foundation 28 system.

Turning now to FIG. 10, this figure shows a side view of the embodimentshown in FIG. 9. As can be seen the connector holes 76 allow for easyaccess to directly screw the screws 74 into the interior sheet 54 of thesingle plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12. This facilitates the connection of thesingle plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 to the flooring 18 and foundation 28system. The connector holes 76 can be provided either in the factor orfield. Additionally, as shown in FIG. 12, in the same wall 12, screws 74can be driven both through the exterior and interior sheets 58, 54 ofthe single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 and into the sill plate blocking 56and also through connector holes 76 directly into the load bearinginterior sheet 54 and into the sill plate blocking 56.

Turning now to FIG. 11, an additional embodiment of a floor 18/wall12/foundation 28 connection of a building 6 according to this inventionis shown. In this embodiment a load bearing single plenum panel 2, 8wall 12 is attached to a single plenum panel 2, 8 floor 18 system,instead of the multi plenum panel 4, 10 floor 18 system shown in FIGS.6-8.

The single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 is located with a 2×4 sill plateblocking 56 attached to the preferably pressure treated sill plate 30.The connection is ideally both mechanical and adhesive. In the shownembodiment screws 74 are driven through the both sheets 54, 58 of thesingle plenum panel 2, 8 and into both the floor 18 edge blocking 70 andsill plate blocking 56 in the single plenum panel 2, 8 flooring 18.

As with the previous embodiments the size and continuity of the floor 18edge blocking 70 may vary based on strength need. Also as with theprevious embodiments, connector holes 76 may be provided in the exteriorsheet 58 of the single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 or a lower portion ofthe exterior sheet 58 of the single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 may beremoved to allow for direct screwing of screws 74 into the load bearinginterior sheet 54 of the single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12.

Turning now to FIG. 12 a still further embodiment of the floor 18/wall12/foundation 28 attachment is shown. In this embodiment a framelessload bearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 is attached to aconventionally framed flooring system made of 2×10 joists 72. In thisembodiment there would be a rim joist 82 to which the single plenumpanel 2, 8 would be attached, preferably with both mechanical andadhesive means.

This embodiment also shows screws 74 being driven both through theentire single plenum panel 2, 8 into the rim joist 82, and via providedconnector holes 76 being driven directly into the load boarding interiorsheet 54 and into the rim joist 82.

Turning now to FIG. 13, a first embodiment of a wall 12/roof 14/ceiling16 connection of a building 6 according to the invention is shown. Inthis embodiment the load bearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 isconnected to a single plenum panel 2, 8 ceiling panel 16 and a singleplenum panel 2, 8 roof 14.

A 2×4 or larger wall blocking 32 is attached to the top of the loadbearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 continuously along its length.This wall blocking 32 is ideally attached from the inside of thebuilding to the interior sheet 54 of the single plenum panel 2, 8 withscrews 74 or other mechanical fasteners 74 but could also be attachedfrom the exterior sheet 58 of the single plenum panel 2, 8. Ideally, thewall blocking 32 is also attached with adhesive 84.

The ceiling panel 16 can be made of either single plenum panels 2, 8(shown) or multi plenum panels 4, 10 (shown in FIG. 12) and has edgeblocking 70 of approximately 2×4 size. Screws 74 are then run throughthe ceiling panel 16 into the wall blocking 32 attached to the loadbearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12. Ideally, the connection isboth mechanical and with adhesive 84. In contrast to the floor panel 18edge blocking 70, which is preferably laterally adjacent to the wallpanel 12, the ceiling panel edge blocking 70 in this embodiment isvertically above the wall panel 12.

The roof panel 14 is connected using the previously described continuousroof connector 34 that has been ideally previous attached to the roofpanel 34 or the ceiling panel 16 with both mechanical and adhesivemeans. In attaching the roof panel 14 to the ceiling panel 16, ideallyan adhesive connection 84 is established between any of the roof panel14 and the ceiling panel 16 that have not previously be attached to theroof connector 34. The roof connector 34 is screwed into the roof panel14. One screw 74 is ideally longer and screws into the 2×4 edge blocking70 in the edge of the ceiling panel 16. The ceiling panel 16 can have aMag/Ox bottom layer/interior sheet 54, or ¼″ OSB/plywood and ¼″ drywallor wood for ceiling tile or ornamented wood pattern.

Turning now to FIG. 14A, a second embodiment of a wall 12/roof14/ceiling 16 connection of a building 6 according to the invention isshown. In this embodiment the load bearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall12 is connected to a multi plenum panel 4, 10 ceiling 16 and singleplenum panel 2, 8 roof 14. The multi plenum panel 4, 10 ceiling panel 16(or ceiling-floor panel 16/18 for the multi-story building) has edgeblocking 70 that is connected to 2×4 (or larger) wall blocking 32 thatwas preferably previously attached on the interior sheet 54 of thesingle plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12.

A 2×4 or larger wall blocking 32 is attached to the top edge of the loadbearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 continuously along its length.The wall blocking 32 is ideally attached from the inside of the building6 with screws 74 but could also be attached from the outside. Ideally,the wall blocking 32 is also attached with adhesive 84.

Screws 74 are then run through the top sheet 62 of the multi plenum 4,10 ceiling panel 16, passing through the upper edge blocking 70, themiddle sheet 64, the lower edge blocking 70, the bottom sheet 66, andinto the wall blocking 32 attached to the load bearing single plenum 2,8 panel wall 12. Ideally, the connection is both mechanical and withadhesive 82. In contrast to the floor panel 18 edge blocking 72, whichis preferably laterally adjacent to the wall panel 12, the ceiling panel16 edge blocking 72 in this embodiment is vertically above the wallpanel 12. The roof panel 14 can now be connected.

The roof panel 14 is connected using the previously described continuousroof connector 34 that has been ideally previous attached to the roofpanel 14 or the ceiling panel 16 with both mechanical and adhesive means74, 82. In attaching the roof panel 14 to the ceiling panel 16, ideallyan adhesive connection 82 is established between any of the roof panel14 and the ceiling panel 16 that have not previously be attached to theroof connector 34. The roof connector 34 is screwed into the roof panel14. One screw 74 is ideally longer and screws into the 2×4 edge blocking72 in the edge of the ceiling panel 16.

Also shown in FIGS. 14A to 14D are four different embodiments of louversor fascia or other permeable occlusions 88 that provide limited passageinto the plenum 88 of the roof panel 14. These permeable occlusions 88or end details could be accomplished with aluminum or vinyl and stapled74 on the end of the single plenum panels 2, 8. The purpose of thefascia 88 is to provide a finished end of the single plenum panels 2, 8and to also facilitate ventilation, while screening out insects. The enddetails could be attached at a terminal edge of the roof panel 14 plenum88, or along a gap provided in the lower (interior) sheet 54 of the roofpanel 14. Other types of permeable occlusions and similar locations maybe used.

Turning now to FIGS. 15-17, three different embodiments are shown ofwall 12 and ceiling-floor 16/18 attachments for multi-level buildings 6according to the present invention.

In FIG. 15, an upper and a lower single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 arejoined to a multi plenum panel 4, 10 ceiling-floor 16/18. The sectionshown is similar to FIG. 14A in that it shows the method of connectingceiling panels 16 to the single plenum panel 2, 8 load bearing wall 12by placing the ceiling-floor 16/18 edge blocking 70 vertically above thelower single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12. This, in turn, has the uppersingle plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 directly above the ceiling-floor 16/18edge blocking 70.

A 2×4 or larger wall blocking 32 has been attached to the top of thelower load bearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 continuously alongits length. This is ideally attached from the building 6 inside withscrews 74 but could also be attached from the outside. Ideally, thisattachment is also made with adhesive 84.

The ceiling-floor panel 16/18, having edge blocking 70 inserted therein,is then placed on top of the lower wall panel 12 and lower wall blocking32 and (not shown) screws 74 are screwed down through the ceiling-floorpanel 16/18 from the top and into the lower wall blocking 34. Ideally,the ceiling-floor panel 16/18 will also be attached to the lower wallblocking 32 with adhesive 84.

Next, a 2×4 upper wall blocking 32 is attached to the top of themulti-plenum panel 4, 10 ceiling-floor panel 16/18 and is inset so thatthe thickness of the single plenum panel 2, 8, upper wall 12 matchesthat of the single plenum panel 2, 8 lower wall 12 below. The interiorsheet 54 of the upper and lower single plenum panels 2, 8 are loadbearing, so they must be fit continuously. The load bearing interiorsheet 54 of the upper wall panel 12 can be attached with screws 74 fromthe building interior or the building exterior (shown) through the upperwall blocking 32. Ideally, the upper wall panel 12 is also attached tothe upper wall blocking 32 with adhesive 84. Vertical aligned verticalperforations 46 could be provided in the ceiling-floor panel 16/18 edgeblocking 70 and the in the top, middle, and bottom sheets 62, 64, 66 ofthe multi-plenum panel. This would allow gasses from the plenum 88 ofthe lower wall panel 12 to pass upward through the vertically alignedvertical perforations 46 of the edge blocking 70 and sheets 62, 64, 66,and into the plenum 88 of the upper wall panel 12, allowing continuousvertical wall ventilation.

Alternatively or additionally, permeable occlusions 86 could be locatedin the upper portion of the exterior sheet 58 of the lower wall panel 12and in the lower portion of the exterior sheet 58 of the upper wallpanel 12, as shown. This venting gasses and in to the wall 12 plenums 88though permeable occlusions 86 allows for a vertical movement of gassesthrough the plenum 88 of the wall panels 12, though not directly fromthe lower to the upper.

For a two story structure, the top of the upper wall panel 12 could thenbe as shown in FIG. 13 or 14A, where the ceiling and roof panels 16, 14are connected to the wall panel 12.

Turning to FIG. 16, a second embodiment of a wall 12 and ceiling-floor16/18 attachment for a multi-level building 6 is shown. In thisembodiment, a load bearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 14 (eitherupper and lower unit panels 2 as shown, or continuous 8) is attached tosingle plenum panel 2, 8 ceiling-floor 16/18. A plane marking the levelof the lower and upper wall panel 12 intersection is marked by thehorizontal dashed line L-U. A lower single plenum panel 2, 8 wall panel12 is assembled using methods previously described as a load bearingwall 12. Lower wall blocking 32 is preferably mechanically andadhesively attached adjacent to the top of the interior sheet 54 of thelower single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 to support a horizontal singleplenum panel 2, 8 used for both the lower level ceiling 16 and the upperlevel floor 18. This horizontal single plenum panel 2, 8 has edgeblocking 70 to facilitate mechanical and adhesive attachment to thelower wall blocking 32.

After installation of the horizontal single plenum panel 2, 8, an upper(vertically oriented) load bearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall panel12 is placed on and vertically aligned with the lower wall panel 12, asshown in FIG. 16. The upper wall panel 12 is preferably mechanically andadhesively attached to the edge blocking 70 and an additional upper wallblocking 32 is added to the second floor level. The upper wall blocking32 is preferably also mechanically and adhesively attached to the edgeblocking 70.

This embodiment allows the continuous and substantially unobstructedventilation and air/gas flow 90 along the single plenum panel 2, 8 walls12.

Turning next to FIG. 17, a third embodiment of a wall 12 andceiling-floor 16/18 attachment for a multi-level building 6 is shown.Similar to the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15, this third embodimentincludes upper and lower single plenum panel 2, 8 wall panels 12, and amulti plenum panel 4, 10 floor-ceiling panel 16/18, with the planemarking the level of the lower and upper wall panel 12 intersectionmarked by the horizontal dashed line L-U. But, similar to the secondembodiment the upper and lower single plenum panel 2, 8 walls 12 aredirectly adjacent to one another and the edge blocking 70 for theceiling-floor panel 16/18 is horizontally adjacent to the wall panel(s)12, not vertically adjacent.

In this third embodiment, a lower single plenum panel 2, 8 wall panel 12is assembled using methods previously described as a load bearing wall12. Lower wall blocking 32 is preferably mechanically and adhesivelyattached to top of the interior sheet 54 sheet of the lower singleplenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 to support a horizontal multi plenum panel 4,10, which is used for both the lower level ceiling 16 and the upperlevel floor 18. This horizontal multi-plenum panel 4, 10 has edgeblocking 70 to facilitate mechanical and adhesive attachment to thelower wall blocking 32.

After installation of the horizontal multi-plenum panel 4, 10, an upper(vertically oriented) load bearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall panel12 is placed on and vertically aligned with the lower wall panel 12, asshown in FIG. 17. The upper wall panel 12 is preferably mechanically andadhesively attached to the edge blocking 70 and an additional upper wallblocking 32 added to the second floor level. The upper wall blocking 32is preferably also mechanically and adhesively attached to the edgeblocking 70. The blocking shown in this third embodiment includes twoupper wall blockings 32, one horizontal wall blocking 32 adjacent to theupper wall panel 12 and the multi-plenum panel 4, 10 ceiling-floor 16/18and a second vertical wall blocking 32 adjacent to the upper wall panel12 and the horizontal wall blocking 32. The extra upper wall blocking 32could also be used for the second embodiment of FIG. 16 and vice versa.

This third embodiment also allows the continuous and substantiallyunobstructed vertical ventilation and flow of air/gas 90 along thesingle plenum panel 2, 8 walls 12.

Turning now to FIGS. 18A and 18B, a flanged circle guide device 92 isshown to aid installation of drywall and insulation 36 on the inside ofinclined single plenum panel 2, 8 walls 12 or roofs 14.

The flanged circle guide device 92 can be extruded or formed fromplastics, metal, vinyl, fiberglass, composites, and many othermaterials. A cross section has a circular portion 94 and a protrudingflange portion 96 extending tangentially from the circular portion 94.It has a rounded edge and the circular portion 94 has a diameteranywhere from ½″ to 6″. The protruding flange portion 96 extends 2″ to8″ from the circular portion 94. The flanged circle guide device 92 ismanufactured in substantial lengths, such that it can be installed incontinuous lengths anywhere from 4′ to 40′.

The flanged circle guide device 92 is used for to retain batt insulation36 on an inclined surface. This flanged circle guide device 92 is alsoused as a gauge for foam insulation 36 so that the foam insulation 36 isinstalled to a certain desired depth. This depth would be consistentwith the insulation guides 98 discussed further in this description.

The flanged circle guide device 92 are installed with screws, staples ornails or other mechanical connectors 74 and/or adhesives 84 along theflange portion 96.

Turning now to FIG. 19, a third embodiment of a wall 12/roof 14/ceiling16 connection of a building 6 according to the invention is shown. Inthis embodiment the load bearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 isconnected to a roof 14 and ceiling 16 of conventional constructionbuilding 6 (with trusses 100).

This embodiment shows three different methods of connecting the top wallblocking 32 to the single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 to facilitate theinstallation of the ceiling 16 and roof 14 panels (in the embodiments ofFIGS. 11 and 12) or trusses 100 and rafters of the embodiment of FIG.19.

Three different methods of screwing the top wall blocking 32 are shown—afirst method where the screw 74 passes through the complete singleplenum panel 2, 8 from the outside of the building 6 with the head ofthe screw 74 seated on the outer surface of the exterior sheet 58 andthe tip of the screw 74 in the wall blocking 34, a second method wherethe screw 74 passes through a connector hole 76 through the exteriorsheet 58 of the single plenum panel 2, 8 from the outside of thebuilding 6 with the head of the screw 74 seated on the inner surface ofthe inner plenum facing surface of the interior sheet 54, and the third,and likely easiest method where the screw passes from the wall blocking32 to the load bearing interior sheet 54 of the panel 2, 8 with the headof the screw 74 seated on the wall blocking 32. One, two, or all threeof the methods may be used in this and other embodiments of wallblockings 32.

The top wall blocking 32 is attached to the load bearing interior sheet54 of the single plenum panel 2, 8 with screws 74 in one or more ofthree methods described above, ideally in conjunction with adhesive 84.The wall blocking 32 can be 2×4, 2×6, and 2×8 or other dimensions suchas 4×6 or 4×8. The wall blocking 32 will be preferably hidden by theinsulation 36 which is installed later.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 19, the ceiling 16 and roof 18construction is conventional and a truss 100 is shown to be attached tothe top of the single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 14 and the wall blocking32. The truss 100 could be toe-nailed in, but most likely would beattached with metal clips, sometimes called “hurricane clips” for abetter connection and one that can offset uplift, or some othermechanical connector 74.

It is also noted that a permeably occluded 86 upper terminal gap may beprovided in the exterior sheet 58 (as shown in FIG. 15) of this andother wall panels 12 at the wall 12/ceiling 16/roof 14 connections toallow warm air flow 90 to exit the plenum 88. Alternatively a fluidconnection, through vertical perforations, for example, can be madebetween the upper portion of the plenum 88 of the wall panel 12 and thelower edge of an above single plenum panel 2, 8 roof 14.

Turning now to FIG. 20, an insulation guide or gage 98 is shown. Theinsulation guide 98 is used to install either batt or foam insulation 36against a flat surface. The depth of the insulation guide 98 would matcheither the thickness of the batt insulation 36 or the desired depth ofthe foam insulation 36. The rear face or expanse 102 of the insulationguide 98 would be stapled or nailed to the adjacent vertical flatsurface, which is shown here as a wall 12, for a vertical orientation ofthe insulation guide 98.

Other non-vertical orientations for the insulation guide 98 could be fora ceiling 16 in the horizontal orientation or for a sloped surface, suchas the inside wall 12 of a so called “cape cod” style house 6. It isanticipated that there are situations where the insulation guide 98and/or the flanged circle guide device 92 shown in FIGS. 18A and 18Babove could be used to aid in installing insulation 36 in a framelessbuilding 6 constructed of single and multi-plenum panels 2, 4, 8, 10.

Holes or chases 104 are preferably provided in the transverse expanse106 of the insulation guide 98 at intervals for the trades to installplumbing, heating, electrical, data wires, communication and otherservices and utilities as would be commonly installed and hidden in thewalls 12. The chases 104 could be rounded or chamfered so that adoughnut would not have to be installed for wire installation as wouldbe required if the edges of the chases 104 were sharp.

The insulation guide 98 can be made of extruded plastic, vinyl,aluminum, composite or any other material that could be extruded or madecontinuously. The insulation guide 98 can also be made from bent metalor formed from a variety of materials including vinyl, plastic,aluminum, corrugated products, carbon fiber, fiberglass, composites, orany planer materials.

The insulation guide 98 is installed to the wall 12 or ceiling 16surface with staples or nails 74. It can be cut horizontally orvertically as necessary to avoid obstacles such as blocking 34, 72.Although the insulation guide 98 may stretch from floor 18 to ceiling16, it is not necessary that it do so.

For foam insulation 36 applications, the insulation guide 98 will serveas the guide for the trimming of the foam insulation 36 afterapplication.

For batt insulation 36, the guides or gauges 98 would preferably beinstalled at a certain increments along the wall 12 or ceiling 16determined by the width of the insulation batts 36. For foam insulation36 applications, the insulation guides 98 would preferably be installedat an increment less than the length of the cutting/trimming device forfoam insulation 36.

An optional “T” shape flange 108—shown in FIG. 22 and in dotted lines inFIG. 20—can be incorporated to the rear expanse 102 for stability ifnecessary. Similarly, the front expanse 110 may be T shaped as well, butwill normally have a single flange extending from the transverse expanse106 in an opposite direction as the flange extending from the rearexpanse 102 (see FIG. 21). It is to be noted that the insulation guides98 normally do not carry any load of the structure 6. Indeed, there maybe a gap provided between the upper edge of the insulation guide 98 andthe ceiling 16 to allow wide wire harnesses or pipes through.Additionally, there may be a gap between the lower edge of theinsulation guide 98 and the floor 18 to allow passage of wide wireharnesses or pipes. Finally, there may also be a complete break alongthe vertical length of the insulation guide 98 to allow for passage ofwide wire harnesses or pipes. Any of these scenarios would substantiallyprevent any load being carried by the insulation guides 6.

Turning now to FIG. 21, and embodiment is shown where numerousinsulation guides or gauges 98 are installed along a wall 12 (threeshown). In the middle insulation guide 98 an electric box 112 isattached for an electrician to install an electrical outlet. Electricalor data boxes 112 can be attached to the transverse expanse 106 or sideof the insulation guides 98 as needed.

Turning next to FIG. 22, a view of an insulation guide having a “T”shaped flange 108 on the rear expanse 102 is shown. This drawing issimilar to the middle insulation guide 98 of FIG. 21, but the insulationguide 98 depicted in this drawing also has the optional “T” shapedflange 108, which can be used for added rigidity when required. Theelectrical/data box 112 is also shown installed on the insulation guide98.

FIGS. 23-25 describe embodiments for installing windows 20 and doors 22into the unit and continuous load bearing single plenum panel 2, 8 walls12.

Turning first to FIG. 23, this figure shows a simple method of providingfor the framing and installation of windows 20 or doors 22 in the loadbearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12. The desired opening is firstcut in the wall 12. A box 114 of the desired rough opening is thenattached to the inside of the single plenum panel wall with screws ornails. This design is made of nominal 2″ lumber and with a depth asrequired.

Turning next to FIG. 24, a second embodiment for window 20 and door 22installation is described. In this embodiment, windows 20 and doors 22are installed in a load bearing single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 using anested shell 116 with a depth desired for insulation. The entire nestedshell 116 opening can be pre-made, especially for certain standard roughopenings of windows 20 and doors 22 and used as appropriate.Alternatively, the nested shell 116 can be made in various lengths andcut and assembled as required for the desired opening.

The desired opening is cut through the single plenum panel 2, 8 for thewindow 20 or door 22. An interior shell 118, either as a single unit orin sections, is then installed through the opening or, as shown aninterior flange 120 is stapled 74 to the outer surface of the interiorsheet 54 of the wall panel 12 (the surface shown in the Figure). Onlythree staples 74 are shown to maintain clarity of the drawing. Thisinterior shell 118 is the portion of the nested shell 116 that extendsinto the interior of the building 6.

An exterior shell 122 is then installed form the outside and fits insidethe interior shell 118 previously installed. The exterior shell 122 hasan exterior flange 124 (shown in dashed lines) which is stapled to theouter surface of the exterior sheet 58 of the wall panel 12 (outersurface facing away in the drawing). The joint between the exteriorflange 124 and the wall panel 12 to the can be caulked, sealed or tapedas desired to be waterproof, or flashing can be installed at a latertime when the window 20 or door 22 is installed. The exterior shell 122can interlock with the interior shell 118 or otherwise be mechanicallyor adhesively secured one to the other.

Turning next to FIG. 25, a cross section of the second embodiment forwindow 20 and door 22 installation, described in FIG. 24, is shown.

An optional shell blocking 126 can be installed across the top of theopening should it be required or desired for extra strength.

If more stability to the nested shell 116 is required, then flange tabs128 could be included at intervals of 4″ to 12″ as shown. As can beseen, the interior shell 118 extends back into the building 6 as far asthe insulation 36 and drywall. As can also be seen, the exterior shell122 extends through and preferably 1″ to 3″ past the hole in the singleplenum panel 2, 8. In the innermost portion of the interior shell 118, atrim flange 130 extends out from the interior shell 118. The trim flange130 could be attached to the drywall mechanically or adhesively to theinner and/or outer surface of the drywall.

Turning next to FIGS. 26A-29, these drawings show multiple mechanicalconnectors or fasteners 74 that are specially designed for fasteningsingle and double plenum panels 2, 4, 8, 10, as described above.

Turning to FIGS. 26A-26D, a toothed screw 132 is shown which allows anload bearing interior sheet 54 of a single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12 tobe directly fastened to a supporting structure (other panel or blocking,for example), without a pre-drilled access connector hole 76 in theexterior sheet 58 of the single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12.

The Figs. show four views of the toothed screw 132: a top view (FIG.26A), a partial side view with the shank 134 of the toothed screw 132omitted (FIG. 26B), a partial side view with the front and rear cuttingteeth 136 omitted (FIG. 26C), and a bottom view (FIG. 26D). In thepartial side view of FIG. 26B, the toothed screw 132 is shown with anenlarged flat head 138 having with cutting teeth 136 fixedly attached toand extending downward from the head 138 parallel to the shank 134. Thecutting teeth 136 are 2 to 16 in number, and preferably 2 to 4 innumber. The cutting teeth 136 are of a length equal to the thickness “

” of the exterior sheet 58 of the single plenum panel 2, 8 wall 12,which is the first layer of the panel wall 12 to be penetrated.

The partial side view of FIG. 26C shows the toothed screw 132orientation while the partial side view of 26B shows one embodiment ofthe cutting teeth 136. This particular example has four cutting teeth136, also shown in the bottom view of FIG. 26D.

The diameter of the top head 138 is as determined for the applicationand can be anywhere from ¼″ to 3″. The diameter of the screw shank 134would be as required for strength.

The top view of FIG. 26A shows a star drive 140, but other screw drives140, including hex, square, Torx, and Phillips may be used.

Turning to FIGS. 27 and 28, the operation of the toothed screw of FIG.26A-26D is shown. In the figures, the upper sheet in the drawing ispreferably the exterior sheet 58 of the single plenum panel 2, 8 and thelower sheet in the drawing is preferably the interior sheet 54 of thesingle plenum panel 2, 8. As shown in FIG. 27 the toothed screw 132 isfirst driven into the exterior sheet 58 of a single plenum panel 2, 8,preferably without benefit of a pre-drilled connector hole 76.

As can be seen, the depth “

” of the cutting teeth 136 is substantially the same thickness “

” of the exterior sheet 58. To continue operation of the toothed screw132, the toothed screw 132 continues to be driven downward into theexterior sheet 58 until the cutting teeth 136 contact the exterior sheet58. At this point, continued rotation of the toothed screw 132 causesthe cutting teeth 136 to cut into the exterior sheet. As the toothedscrew 132 is rotated further, the cutting teeth 136 cut entirely throughthe exterior sheet 58 and a wood plug 142 (formed from the cut outportion of the exterior sheet 58) is seated in the head 138 of thetoothed screw 132. At this point, a connector hole 76 has beenautomatically provided in the exterior sheet 58 by operation of thetoothed screw 132, and the toothed screw 132 is no longer restrained bythe exterior sheet 58 and may progress downward into the interior sheet54, as shown in FIG. 28.

In FIG. 28, the toothed screw 132 is shown after it has been directlyscrewed in into the interior sheet 54 all the way down until the cuttingteeth 136 are contacting the interior sheet 54. However, because thewood plug 142 fills the cavity in the screw head 138, it spaces andblocks the cutting teeth 136 from advancing further into the interiorsheet 54. In effect, the wood plug 142 acts as a washer to self-seat thetoothed screw 132 onto the interior sheet 54 of the single plenum panel2, 8. On the opposite side of the interior sheet 54 from the toothedscrew head 138 would be some type of structural support (e.g., ablocking 32, 56, 70) for the single plenum panel 2, 8 to attach to thestructure 6.

With the disclosed self-seating toothed screw 132, no special tools arerequired, other than perhaps an extended screw drill bit.

Turning next to FIG. 29, a second mechanical connector 74 or fastener,in the form of a double-head screw 144, is disclosed to connect singleplenum panels 2, 8 to supporting structures without predrilled accessconnector holes 76. Similar to FIGS. 27 and 28, the upper sheet in thefigure is an exterior sheet 58 of a single plenum panel 2, 8 and thelower sheet is an interior sheet 54 of a single plenum panel 58. Asshown in the Figure, a double headed screw 144 is fully sunk into asingle plenum panel 2, 8. The double headed screw 144 has a largerdiameter flat upper or “top” head 146 at a terminal end of the doubleheaded screw 144 and has an intermediate head 148, with a twisted bitbase 150, spaced at a distance from the top head 146. The distancebetween the top of the intermediate head 148 and the bottom of thelarger top head 146 is the same as the distance from the inner surfaceof the interior sheet 54 and the outer surface of the exterior sheet 58.

Because of the spacing between the two heads 146, 148, when the doubleheaded screw 144 is screwed into the single plenum panel 2, 8, thetwisted bit portion 150 of the intermediate head 148 will first screwthrough the exterior sheet 58 and continue downward. The shank 134 ofthe double headed screw 144 will screw through the interior sheet 54(and into a blocking 32, 56, 70, or some other support of the structure)and as the twisted bit 150 of the intermediate head 148 begins to drillinto the interior sheet, the larger top head 146 will seat on the outersurface of the exterior sheet 58, will substantially close off the justformed connector hole 76 and will preferably provide a compressive forceon the exterior sheet 58.

Turning now to FIGS. 30A to 31C, a first and second method of securelyconnecting adjacent single plenum panels 2, 8 with coupling blocks 152are shown. These methods will also work with multi-plenum panels 4, 10(not shown). The coupling blocks 152 will aid in constructing a building6 out of unit panels 2, 4 without a frame, while maintaining thestructural integrity and strength benefits of the single andmulti-plenum panels 2, 4. Solid coupling blocks 152 are shown in FIGS.30A-30C and hollow coupling blocks 152 are shown in FIG. 31A-31C, butare otherwise substantially the same. The coupling blocks 152 have athickness that is preferably either the same as the interior cleardimension between the sheets 54, 58 of a single plenum panel 2 or thethickness of the clearing between one sheet 54, 58 and a matrix member60. The coupling blocks 152 are easily inserted into the plenum 88 ofeach panel 2, 4 in the field and easily attached using mechanical and/oradhesive methods, such as screws 74 and/or glues 84. The length of thecoupling blocks 152 are determined by the matrix dimensions and strengthrequirements.

Optional variations of the solid coupling blocks 152 are shown in FIG.31C. When inserting in panels 2 having matrix members 60, depending onthe spacing of matrix members, the edge of the panel 2 on one side mayhave a full clearance between the two sheets 54, 58 (for at least aminimal distance), and the edge of the panel 2 on the opposing side willhave a reduced clearance, part of the clearance being occupied by onematrix member running parallel to the edges of the panels 2 beingcoupled. To maximize contact area between the two sheets 54, 58 of thetwo panels 2, the coupling block 152 of FIG. 31C has a full clearanceside 154, which has a thickness equal to the clearance between the twosheets 54, 58, and a matrix clearance side 156, which has a thicknessequal to the distance between a matrix member 60 and the sheet 54, 58the matrix member 60 is not directly attached to. The portion removed158 from the matrix clearance side 156 is substantially equal to theheight of the matrix member 60 from the sheet 54, 58 it is attached to.The full clearance side 156 could also have a portion removed 158 alonga portion of its length, especially the portion that is inserted firstinto the plenum 88. In this way, the full clearance side 154 of thecoupling block 152 could also fit between at least one matrix member 60and its opposing sheet 54, 58 while also filling the full clearancebetween the matrix member 60 and the edge of the panel 2.

Additionally, the coupling block 152 of FIG. 31C has a raised centerguide 160 which helps to quickly center the coupling blocks 152, withrespect to length, so equal lengths of the coupling blocks 152 are inboth panels 2, when securing the coupling blocks 152 in the respectivepanels 2. Also, the coupling block 152 of FIG. 31C has a plurality ofcleats or raised protrusions 162 with help to frictionally lock thecoupling blocks 152 in place once inserted, without the need for furthermechanical fasteners 74 or adhesives 84. Only nine cleats 162 are shownin FIG. 30C to maintain clarity, but preferably the number would besignificantly higher, the cleats 162 be located on all sides of thecoupling blocks that would contact sheets 54, 58 or matrix members 60,and the cleats 162 would be angled toward the raised center guide 160(or where a raised center guide would be if one was not present)—whichwould cause the coupling blocks 152 to dig into the adjacent sheets 54,58 and lock into place after being inserted into the plenum 88 of thetwo panels 2, locking the two panels 2 together.

The solid coupling blocks 152 can be made of wood, wood fiber, aluminumor other metals, plastics, composites, carbon fiber, fiberglass, bentmetal or other materials.

The hollow coupling blocks 152 of FIGS. 31A-31C can be made of wood,wood fiber, aluminum or other metals, plastics, composites, carbonfiber, fiberglass, bent metal or other materials. It is anticipated theblocks could be also extruded or formed from these materials. Thevariations of FIG. 30C can also be made with the hollow coupling blocks152.

Although a horizontal connection is shown, the same method could beutilized for a vertical connection as would be required at the gableends of a home 6.

Turning now to FIGS. 32A-33C a first and second method of securelyconnecting adjacent single plenum panel with “H” shaped couplers 164 areshown. In FIGS. 32A-32C “H” couplers 164 with a solid mid-portion 166 isshown, and in FIGS. 33A-33C “H” couplers 164 with a mid-portion 166 withperforations 46 is shown. These H couplers 164 can be the full length ofthe single plenum panel 2 or (not shown) can be shorter clips of desiredlength using several to connect the two adjacent panels 2, or (notshown) could be longer than the full length of the single plenum panel 2and connect more than two adjunct panels 2 together (two adjacent panelson a first level and two adjacent panels 2 on a second level directlyabove the first two panels 2). The H coupler 164 is inserted in thefield and attached using mechanical 74 and/or adhesive 84 methods.

The perforated 46 H couplers 164 facilitate complete ventilation betweenthe adjacent panels 2.

The dimensions and thickness of the H couplers 164 are determined bystrength requirements. Although the H couplers 164 are shown with smoothengaging surfaces 168 on the parallel opposing capping portions 170,engaging surfaces 168 could also be ribbed, rough, or rigged, with theridges angled inward toward a the mid portion. Additionally, one or manybarbs or cleats 162 could be provided on the engaging surfaces 168,preferably with the barbs or cleats angled inwardly and back toward themid portion, such that the H couplers 164 were easy to slide on thepanel 2, but where trying to remove the H coupler 164 would cause thebarbs or cleats 162 to dig into the surface of the engaged sheet 54,58—in a similar fashion to the optional cleats 162 used in the couplingblocks in FIG. 30C.

The coupling blocks 152 and H couplers 164 can be made of wood, woodfiber, aluminum or other metals, plastics, composites, carbon fiber,fiberglass, bent metal or other materials. It is anticipated thatembodiments of each 152, 164 could be also extruded or formed from thesematerials.

Although a horizontal connection is shown, the same method could beutilized for a vertical connection as might be required at the gableends of a home.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 32A-33C, the mid-portion 166 of the Hcoupler 164 spaces the parallel capping portions 170 from one anothersuch that engaging surfaces 168 of the capping portions 170 engage theouter surfaces of the interior and exterior sheets 54, 58 of each of theadjacent panels 2. That is, the two engaging surfaces 168 on therespective capping portions 170 face one another.

In another embodiment (not shown), a shorter mid-portion 166 would spacethe parallel capping portions 170 such that their engaging surfaces 168are on the opposite side, and they 168 engage the inner surfaces of eachof the interior and exterior sheets 54, 58 of adjacent panels.

In a further embodiment (not shown), two spaced end caps 170 would bepositioned at each end of the mid-portion 166 such that the end caps 170engaged both the inner and the outer surfaces of each of the interiorand exterior sheets 54, 58 of each adjacent panel 2.

In a still further embodiment, the H couplers 164 instead of just beinglinier (like a lower case “L”), could can be formed in a “T” shape or a“+” shape to connect three adjacent or four adjacent panels 2respectively. The H couplers 164 could be used alone, or with thecoupling blocks 152.

Turning next to FIGS. 34A-34B, an embodiment for connecting adjacentpanels using two methods is shown. A first method uses panel blocking172, which is inserted into the plenum 88 of the single plenum panel 2,or, as shown, is attached exterior of one of the two sheets 54, 58,covering the seam between the two adjacent single plenum panels 2, or isused on both sides of the panel 2 (attached to the exterior of bothsheets 54, 58, covering the seam on both sides). The second method usesrigid/tensile strips 174, which can be attached to the exterior surfaceto either side of the single plenum panel 2, covering the seams, or usedon both sides. The two methods can be combined, such as shown FIGS. 34Aand 34B, where the panel blocking is attached to one side of the panelsseam and the tensile strip 174 is attached to the other side.

The panel blocking 172 and tensile strips 174 are easily installed inthe field and attached using mechanical 74 and/or adhesive 84 methods.

The panel blocking 172 is ideally placed on the exterior surface of theload bearing interior sheet 54 of the single plenum panel 2, since itwould be hidden by insulation 36 installed later.

The tensile strip 174 is anticipated to be of minimal thickness withfibrous strength as well as ridged strength. The strip is applied in thefield with adhesives or installed and activated with an additional fieldtreatment such as for a fiberglass or carbon fiber strip. If both panelblocking 172 and tensile strip 174 methods are used in combination atthe same side of a panel/panel seam, preferably the tensile strip 174would be attached first and the 172 blocking attached over the tensilestrip 174.

The dimensions and thickness of the panel blocking 172 and the tensilestrip 174 connectors are determined by strength requirements. They couldbe the full length of the single plenum panel 2, or just part of thelength, and could each 172, 174 be of different length. For example, thetensile strip 174 could be attached from one edge of the seam to theother, and the panel blocking 172 could be attached of the tensile strip174 and cover just half of length of the seam.

The panel blocking 172 connector can be made of wood, wood fiber,aluminum or other metals, plastics, composites, carbon fiber,fiberglass, bent metal or other materials. It is anticipated the panelblocking 172 could be also extruded or formed from these materials.

The tensile strip 174 connector is probably a thin strip of aluminum orother metal, plastic, reinforced plastics, composites, fiberglass,carbon fiber or other suitable material.

Although a horizontal connection is shown, the same method could beutilized for a vertical connection as might be required at the gableends of a home 6.

Turning next to FIGS. 35A and 35B, a quick method of mechanicallyconnecting spacing structural elements 26/matrix members 60 of adjacentsingle plenum panels 2 is shown using spikes 176 that are ideallyinitially installed in the edges of the matrix members 60.

Adjacent single plenum panels 2 are thus connected in the field by themovement of a first panel 2 toward an already installed second singleplenum panel 2 (shown by arrows in the FIG. 35A) by means of applyingpressure probably by hammering a wood block to lock the adjacent singleplenum panels 2 together. The spikes 176 could be attached in the field,but are ideally preinstalled in the factory.

A design of a possible spike 176 is shown in FIG. 35B. The dimensionsand thickness of the spike 176 connectors are determined by strengthrequirements. Though the spike shanks 178 shown are smooth, they couldalso be ribbed, twisted, or barbed. The spike also has a midline plate180 used to aid in forcing a spike 176 into a matrix member 60 andseating the spike shank 178 at a given depth in the matrix member 60.

The spikes 176 can be made of metals including aluminum, strongplastics, composites, or other materials.

Although a horizontal connection is shown, the same method could beutilized for a vertical connection as might be required at the gableends of a home.

Although embodiments of the connectors 152, 164, 172, 174, 176, andmethods of connection in FIGS. 30A-35B are for shown for single plenumpanels 2, the connectors and variations of the connectors may be usedfor multi-plenum panels 4. For example, a variation of the H couplers164 for the multi-plenum panels 4 could resemble an H coupler 164,except with a transvers engaging edge bisecting the mid-portion 166,with the transverse engaging edge engaging a top or bottom surface ofthe middle sheet 64 of the multi plenum panels 4. Alternatively, asecond variation of the H coupler 164 would resemble an H coupler 164with two closely spaced transvers engaging edges bisecting themid-portion 166 of the H coupler 164. The two transverse engaging edgeswould be spaced apart at a distance approximately equal to the thicknessof the middle sheet 64 of the multi-plenum panel 4, and when installed,one transverse engaging edge would engage a top surface of the middlesheet 64 of the multi-plenum panel 4, and one transverse engaging edgewould engage a bottom surface of the middle sheet 64 of the multi plenumpanel 4. Additionally, coupling blocks 152 can be easily inserted in oneor both of the plenums 78, 80 of the multi-plenum panel 4 to connect twoadjacent multi plenum panels 4. These connectors could also be used tosecurely connect a single plenum panel 2 adjacent to a multi-plenumpanel 4 as part of, for example, a same wall 12, floor 18, roof 14, orceiling 16.

Turning now to FIGS. 36 and 37 a self-sealing long-toothed screw 132 formulti-plenum panels 4, 10 is shown, which is similar to the toothedscrew 132 for single plenum panels 2, 8 described above in FIGS. 26A to28. The length of the teeth 136 on the long tooth screw 132 issubstantially equal to the sum of the thickness of the top and middlesheet 62, 64 of the multi-plenum panel 4, 10. Though the top and middlesheets 62, 64 are shown as being the same thickness (“

”), and thus the length of the long teeth shown is 2

, other variations are possible. For example, the middle sheet 64 couldbe wider or thinner than the top sheet 62, but the length of the longteeth 136 would still be the sum of the two thicknesses, whatever thatmay be.

The long toothed screw 132 operates in a similar manner as the toothedscrew 132 of FIGS. 26A to 28, except the long toothed screw 132 will cutthrough both the first and middle sheets 62, 64 before being seated onthe inner surface of the bottom sheet 66.

Turning next to FIGS. 38A to 39B, multiple embodiments of methods toventilate attic spaces when using the single or multi plenum panels 2,4, 8, 10 are described.

Although the single plenum panels 2, 8 and the multi-plenum panels 4, 10provide ventilation in excess of code requirements, in some cases, itmay be desirable or necessary to ventilate the adjacent attic space. Itis possible some officials may have a strict interpretation of governingofficial provision, such as International Residential Code (IRC)R806.1—ventilation required for enclosed attics and enclosed rafterspace.

One method to provide additional ventilation of attic space constructedof single and multi-plenum panels 2, 4, 8, 10 is to remove a ¾″ventilation strip along the edge of the interior or bottom sheet of thesingle or multi-plenum panels 2, 4, 8, 10 before they are installed.This can be done in the factory or on site. Alternatively, the panelscan be built originally with the, for example, ¾″ gap, without the needto remove material later.

This ventilation strip 182 would preferably be used in conjunction withan open continuous ridge vent 48. The continuous ridge vent 48 ispreferable, as it would provide an escape for moist air 90 that maymigrate into the attic space. A sketch of a continuous ridge vent 48with the single plenum panels 2, 8 is shown in FIG. 38A. Also shown is aridge gap 184 allowing air flow 90 from the two panel plenums 88 to exitinto the ridge vent 48. Other venting, such as whirly birds andhorizontal vents from the vertical wall of the attic and perforations inthe interior sheet 54 of the panel 2 could also be used.

The following example describes the ventilation strip 182 method usedwith a single plenum panel 2, 8. For median homes 6, this would normallybe approximately 10 unit panels 2 that a ventilation strip 182 would becut into. A router bit 186 set to remove the thickness of the interiorsheet 54 (¼″, ⅜″ or other thickness of the sheet) and set to remove adepth of ¾″ is used along the long edge of panels 2, 8. This wouldprovide the ventilation described in IRC R806.1. As shown in FIG. 38C,these panels 2, 8 would then be assembled well clear of insulation 36blown or installed in the attic. This would not be applicable withinsulation 36 applied to the roof panels 14.

Turning to FIG. 39A, this figure shows a router 188 removing the ¾″ventilation strip 182 along the long edge of the interior sheets 54 of asingle plenum panel 2. As mentioned above, the ventilation strip 182 canbe cut before or after assembly of the panel 2, at the factory or at thejobsite. Alternatively, one of the sheets 54 of the single plenum panel2 could be originally sized ¾″ shorter than the other sheet 58, thusautomatically creating the ventilation strip 182 once the panel 2 isassembled.

Turning next to FIG. 39B, shows the interior of an attic formed unitsingle plenum panels 2, with the ventilation strip 182 running thelength of the attic space. Though not shown, panels 2 with perforatedinterior sheets 54 may be used in addition or alternatively to theventilation strips to increase ventilation in enclosed spaces.

Turning next to FIGS. 35 and 36, multiple router bits which could beused to cut the strip are shown. It is understood that strips greaterthan or less than ¾″ in size could be used depending on the desiredamount of increased ventilation.

Turning next to FIGS. 40A-47B, multiple embodiments for securely joiningadjacent panels 2, 4 together is discussed. Single and multi-plenumpanels 2, 4 are normally installed adjacent to one another. In many ormost cases, it is desirable to utilize a method of interconnecting thepanels 2, 4 in the methods already described in the incorporatedpatents, with offset interior spacing structural elements 26 (preferablymatrix members 60 for single plenum panels 2 and blocks 68 or otherseparators for multi-plenum panels 4). These interconnections providefor the transfer of stresses to adjacent panels. There may be instanceswhere the interlocking offset feature may not be used.

In addition to interconnecting panels 2, 4 for structural purposes, withoffset interior spacing structural elements 26, adjacent sheets 24 inadjacent panels 2, 4 can also be interconnected to one another. Suchinterconnected sheets 24 would preferably act to transfer stresses aswell as fluidly/gaseously sealing the sheets 24 and plenums 78, 80, 88,preferably with minimal obstruction to the plenum 78, 80, 88.Interconnecting sheets 24 between adjacent panels 2, 4 would also checkpossible warping in the sheets 24.

The following methods can be used at the joints 190 of the single andmulti-plenum panels 2, 4, among other methods. These methods can besimilar for all sheets 24 in a single or multi-plenum panel 2, 4, or canvary with each sheet 24.

Additionally, these methods can be used with or without the alreadydisclosed offset matrix members 60 or blocks 68, and various means ofconnecting adjacent panels disclosed herein.

In FIG. 40A, two sheets with block edges are just joined edge 190 toedge 190.

In all methods, a sealer such as a foam strip can preferably beutilized. Most usually, it would be adhered to one face on a first sheet24 and pressed against another, preferably coplanar, face on an abuttingsheet 24. Similarly, as shown in FIG. 40B, a gasket 194 of vinyl,plastic, foam, etc. that is extruded or formed compressible, preferablyhollow, solid can be utilized in the joint. Additionally, an impermeabletape can be applied to the joints on the faces of the panel joints.

Turning to FIG. 41A an overlap or shiplap joint 190 can be formed by thetwo sheet 24 edges 192. This provides an increase surface area ofattachment while also providing an edge to prevent horizontal movement.

Turning to FIG. 41B a tongue and grove joint 190 can be formed by thetwo sheet 24 edges 192. This provides a significant increase in surfacearea of attachments, and resists movement in two vertical directions andone horizontal direction. A drawback is that a small tongue 200 may bemore liable to break.

Turning to FIG. 42A, a V with V grove joint 190 can be formed by the twosheet 24 edges 192. The convex V 202 self-centers in the concave Vgrove, providing increased surface area of attachment, and preventingmovement in two vertical directions and one horizontal direction, whilelikely being more structurally robust than the tongue and grove jointshown in FIG. 41B

As shown in FIG. 42B, separate clips 196 or external elements can beused to join adjacent sheets 24. A sealer can be used with the clip 196,and the clip 196 can have multiple teeth or cleats 162 in each top andbottom surface of each side to cleat lock the clip 196 onto therespective sheet 24 edge 192 when forced on the edge 192. The clips 196could also have one or more horizontally extending and preferablyribbed, toothed, or barbed elements 198 projecting from the verticalsurface of the clip 196. Such horizontally extending elements 198 wouldpuncture the face of the edge 192 of the sheet 24, and extendhorizontally into the sheet 24 when the clip 196 was pressed onto theside edge 192 of the sheet 24.

Turning to FIG. 43A, a miter joint 190 can be formed by the two sheet 24edges 192. This provides an increased surface area of attachment, butdoes not prevent horizontal movement as well as other joints.

Turning to FIG. 43B, a miter with snap/lock feature joint 190 can beformed by the two sheet 24 edges 192. This provides the increasedsurface area of a miter joint, but the snap lock feature 206 also aidsin resisting horizontal motion in both directions once the snap lock 206is engaged.

Turning to FIG. 44, a miter with snap/lock feature joint 190 can beformed by the two sheet 24 edges 192. This provides the increasedsurface area of a miter joint, but the snap lock feature 206 also aidsin resisting horizontal motion in both directions once the snap lock 206is engaged.

Turning to FIG. 45, the joints can be both secured to one another andsealed by the use of small teeth or projections 208 or other shapedconvex mechanical attachment elements that could be tooled on both atongue and groove joint and the V-V joint, for example. Theseprojections 208 would grip the adjacent sheet 24 when joined, providingintegrated mechanical connection, and also help to fluidly/gaseouslyseal the joint 190.

The projections 208 can also be made out of vinyl, plastic, metal orother material and applied individually or as a unit to the male orfemale edge 192 of the joint 190. The edge 192 with the projections 208would then attach and seal to the adjacent sheet 24 edge 192 whenjoined. Additionally, the projections 208 could be applied to both maleand female sides of the joint 190, either offset so that opposingprojections 208 do not interact as the two sheets 24 are joined, oraligned so that opposing projections 208 pass over one another andinterlock as the sheet 24 edges 192 are joined. FIG. 45 shows teeth likeprojections 208 on a convex V 202 and mating recesses 210 on the concaveV grove 204.

Additionally, the V with V grove and the tongue and groove joint, forexample, can also incorporate rib like projections 208 and matingrecesses 210 whereby the projections 208 and recesses 210 would meshwhen joined to attach adjacent sheets 24 and substantiallyfluidly/gaseously seal them.

The mechanical attachment elements could be formed into the edges,unitary with the sheet and out of the same material as the sheet.Alternatively, structures 212 with mechanical attachment elements (suchas projections 208 and recesses 210) could be attached onto the blockedor V/V grove edges 192. The dashed lines in FIGS. 48 and 49 indicatingone potential location where the structures 212 could be attached.Alternatively, the convex projection elements 208 (e.g., each separatetooth) could be made of different material than the sheet and attachedseparately to one or both of the male or female edge, with or withoutconcave mating recess elements 210 disposed on the other of the male orfemale edge.

Preferably concave recesses 210 (e.g., notches) are present on one orboth edges with mating convex projections 208 (e.g., teeth) on the otheror both edges, but projections 208 could be used alone. For example, a Vgroove 204 edge 192 with teeth projections 208 could be used with aconvex V 202 edge 192 that does not have any notches or recesses 210.Alternatively, a convex V 202 edge 192 with teeth projections 208 couldbe used with a V groove 204 edge 192 that does not have any notches orrecesses 210. Or both a V groove 204 edge 192 and a convex V 202 edge192 could have teeth projections with neither having any notches orrecesses 210.

In a further embodiment, both the male and female edges 192 could haveinterlocking projections 208, such that when, for example, a toothprojection 208 on a convex V 202 edge 192 pushed past a tooth projection208 on a V groove 204 edge, the two teeth projections 208 wouldinterlock with each other and mechanically attach the two edges 192together.

Additionally, the projections 208 and recesses 210 could be narrow, lessthan 3 mm wide, or moderate size, 3-50 mm wide, or could even besubstantially be as wide as the length of the abutting edge 192 of thepanel 2, 4.

Additionally, the teeth/ribs or other projections 208 can be disposed onone non-vertical edge 192, and preferably a mating notch or other recess210 can be disposed on an abutting non-vertical edge 192 of a sheet 24of an adjacent panel 2, 4. For example, an overlapping half of a shiplapjoint could have one or more rib projections 208, and an overlapped halfof a shiplap joint could have one or more mating recesses 210. Once thepanels 2, 4 are secured to the underlying housing structure 6, themating elements 208, 210 would provide a mechanical horizontallyinterlocking joint 190.

Additionally, one or more horizontally extending convex elements on onesheet can mate with one or more horizontally defined interior concaveelements—such as the tongue and grove joint of FIG. 41B. Such a matingof horizontally aligned concave and convex elements on abutting edges ofadjacent panels provides for a mechanically vertically interlockingjoint

Turning to FIG. 46, a further embodiment of adjacent edge 192attachments are shown with a tongue and grove arrangement. In thisembodiment concave recesses 210 are disposed preferably on opposingupper and lower surfaces of a male portion of a first edge 192, e.g.,the tongue 200, and mating rib projections 208 are disposed in opposingupper and lower surfaces of a female portion of a second edge 192, e.g.,the grove 214.

Foam, gel, or other adhesive 84 and/or watertight, and preferably atleast initially liquid or malleable substance inserted in space betweentwo adjacent edges (as shown in the Figure by substance on innervertical wall of the grove 214). The adhesive 84 could alternatively oradditionally be applied to the inner ribs 208, recesses 210, verticalsurfaces/surfaces with no projections 208 or recesses 210, or somecombination thereof. Alternately a hollow flexible, resilientlycompressible, and preferably hollow gasket 194 could be used instead ofor in addition to the adhesive 84. The gasket 194 itself could beadhesive 84.

Tuning next to FIGS. 47A and 47B, a further embodiment is shown. In thisembodiment an edge insert 216 is attached to the edge(s) 192 of one orboth of the adjacent sheets 24. The edge insert 216 would preferablyhave compressible “teeth” projections 208 that would both grasp theadjacent sheet 24 and provide an air barrier to prevent air from passingfrom or to the plenum 88 through the joint 190. In the embodiment shown,the edge insert 216 is adhered to the convex V 202 edge 192 of a V and Vgroove joint 190. This edge insert 216 would most likely be producedwith vinyl, but could also be made out of metal, plastics or similarmaterials. In another version of this embodiment, a first compressibleteeth projection 208 insert 216 would be adhered to the convex V 202edge 192, with the teeth extending from the surface of the convex V 202edge 192, and a second compressible teeth projection 208 insert 216would be adhered to the V groove 204 edge 192, with the teethprojections 208 extending from the surface of the V groove 204 edge 192.When pressed together, the two compressible teeth projection 208 inserts216 would interlock, providing increased surface area for the seal, andincreased friction and mechanical locking to secure the edges 192 to oneanother. Glues 84 and/or other chemical and mechanical 74 adhesivesand/or sealants can be used in addition to the compressible teethprojections 208 insert 216.

While various embodiments of the present invention have been describedin detail, it is apparent that various modifications and alterations ofthose embodiments will occur to and be readily apparent those skilled inthe art. However, it is to be expressly understood that suchmodifications and alterations are within the scope and spirit of thepresent invention, as set forth in the appended claims. Further, theinvention(s) described herein is capable of other embodiments and ofbeing practiced or of being carried out in various other related ways.In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminologyused herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regardedas limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” andvariations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listedthereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items whileonly the terms “consisting of” and “consisting only of” are to beconstrued in the limitative sense.

REFERENCE NUMBERS

-   2 Single Plenum Panel, Unit Single Plenum Panel-   4 Multi-Plenum Panel, Unit Multi-Plenum Panel-   6 Home, House, Building-   8 Continuous Single Plenum Panel-   10 Continuous Multi-Plenum Panel-   12 Wall-   14 Roof-   16 Ceiling-   18 Floor-   20 Windows-   22 Doors-   24 Sheet-   26 Spacing Structural Elements-   28 Foundation-   30 Sill Plate-   32 Wall Blocking-   34 Roof Connector-   36 Insulation-   38 Roof Adjacent Surface-   40 Ceiling Adjacent Surface-   42 Inner Building Facing Surface-   44 Ridge-   46 Perforations-   48 Vent-   50 Vertical Flange-   52 Wall Facing Surface-   54 Interior Sheet-   56 Sill Plate Blocking-   58 Exterior Sheet-   60 Matrix Members-   62 Top Multi-Plenum Panel Sheet-   64 Middle Multi-Plenum Panel Sheet-   66 Bottom Multi-Plenum Panel Sheet-   68 Spacing Blocks For Multi-Plenum Panel-   70 Edge Blocking-   72 Joists-   74 Mechanical Connectors-   76 Connector Holes-   78 Top Plenum-   80 Bottom Plenum-   82 Rim Joists-   84 Adhesive-   86 Permeable Occlusions-   88 Single Plenum Panel Plenum-   90 Air Flow-   92 Flanged Circle Guide Device-   94 Circular Portion-   96 Flanged Portion-   98 Insulation Guides-   100 Trusses-   102 Inner Expanse Of Insulation Guide-   104 Chase (Hole In Insulation Guide)-   106 Transverse Expanse Of Insulation Guide-   108 T Shape Flange-   110 Front Expanse Of Insulation Guide-   112 Electric/Data Box-   114 Box (Door/Window Box)-   116 Nested Shell-   118 Interior Shell-   120 Interior Flange-   122 Exterior Shell-   124 Exterior Flange-   126 Shell Blocking-   128 Flange Tabs-   130 Trim Flange-   132 Toothed Screw-   134 Shank, Screw-   136 Teeth, Screw-   138 Head, Screw-   140 Drive, Screw-   142 Wood Plug-   144 Double Headed Screw-   146 Top Head-   148 Intermediate Head-   150 Twisted Bit Base-   152 Coupling Blocks-   154 Full Clearance Side-   156 Matrix Clearance Side-   158 Removed Portion-   160 Raised Center Guide-   162 Cleats-   164 H Couplers-   166 H Coupler Mid Portion-   168 Engaging Surface-   170 Capping Portions-   172 Panel Blocking-   174 Rigid/Tensile Strip-   176 Spikes-   178 Spike Shank-   180 Midline Plate-   182 Ventilation Strip-   184 Ridge Gap-   186 Router Bit-   188 Router-   190 Joint-   192 Edge-   194 Gasket-   196 Clips-   198 Horizontally Extending Elements-   200 Tongue-   202 Convex V-   204 Concave V Grove-   206 Snap Lock-   208 Projections-   210 Mating Recesses-   212 Structure-   214 Grove of Tongue and Grove-   216 Edge Insert

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method of constructing a structure comprising:attaching a first panel to a second panel; wherein the first and thesecond panel each have one or more plenums extending there through. 22.The method of claim 21 wherein the first panel forms part of a verticalwall and the second panel forms part of a roof.
 23. The method of claim21 wherein the first panel forms part of a vertical wall and the secondpanel forms part of a roof.
 24. The method of claim 21 wherein the firstpanel forms part of a vertical wall and the second panel forms part of ahorizontal ceiling.
 25. The method of claim 21 wherein the first panelforms part of a vertical wall and the second panel forms part of ahorizontal floor.
 26. The method of claim 21 wherein the first panelforms part of a vertical wall extending in a first direction and thesecond panel forms part of a vertical wall extending in a seconddirection non-parallel to the first direction.
 27. The method of claim21 further comprising a attaching a third panel to the first panel,wherein the first panel forms part of a vertical wall, the second panelforms part of a roof, and the third panel forms part of a horizontalfloor, and the third panel has one or more plenums extending therethrough.
 28. The method of claim 27 further comprising attaching afourth panel to one of the first and second panel; wherein the fourthpanel forms part of a horizontal ceiling; and the fourth panel has oneor more plenums extending there through.
 29. The method of claim 21wherein the structure is built without conventional framing lumber. 30.The method of claim 29 wherein the conventional framing lumber includesstuds, joists, rafters, or trusses.
 31. The method of claim 21 whereineach of the first panel and the second panel include a respective firstsheet and second sheet, the first sheet being parallel to the secondsheet, a first plurality of spacing structural elements, fixedlyattaching the first sheet to the second sheet, an first plenum definedby a first spacing between the first sheet and the second sheet, thefirst plurality of spacing structural elements being formed such that afirst plurality of spaced apart unobstructed pathways are created in thefirst plenum for air to move in a first direction from at least one edgeof each of the first panel and the second panel to at least one of anopposite and an adjacent edge of each of the first panel and the secondpanel.
 32. The method of claim 31 wherein each of the first panel andthe second panel further include a respective third sheet, which isparallel to the second sheet, a second plurality of spacing structuralelements, fixedly attaching the third sheet to the second sheet, ansecond plenum defined by a second spacing between the third sheet andthe second sheet, the second plurality of spacing structural elementsbeing formed such that a second plurality of spaced apart unobstructedpathways are created in the second plenum for air to move in the firstdirection from at least one edge of each of the first panel and thesecond panel to at least one of an opposite and an adjacent edge of eachof the first panel and the second panel.
 33. The method of claim 21further comprising attaching the first panel to the second panel via aroof connector, wherein the roof connector is an elongate continuousstructural member having a length at least substantially as long as anedge of the first panel.
 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the roofconnector is substantially as long a roof/ceiling edge.
 35. The methodof claim 33 wherein the roof connector has a triangular cross section.36. The method of claim 35 wherein the roof connector is connected tothe first panel and second panel via both mechanical and adhesivefixation.
 37. The method of claim 35 wherein the roof connector is oneof extruded, formed, or folded.
 38. The method of claim 35 wherein theroof connector is constructed from one of aluminum, a non-aluminummetal, plastic, wood fiber, carbon fiber, fiberglass, magnesium oxide,sheet metal, or composites of or a combination of any thereof.
 39. Amethod of constructing a building comprising: attaching a first panel toa second panel via a roof connector via both mechanical and adhesivefixation; attaching a third panel to the first panel; attaching a fourthpanel to one of the first and second panels; wherein the first panelforms part of a vertical wall, the second panel forms part of a roof,and the third panel forms part of a horizontal floor, and the fourthpanel forms part of a horizontal ceiling; each panel has one or moreplenums extending there through; the structure is built withoutconventional framing lumber used in studs, joists, rafters, or trusses;the roof connector is an elongate continuous structural member having alength at least substantially as long as one of an edge of the firstpanel and a roof/ceiling edge; the roof connector has a triangular crosssection; the roof connector is one of extruded, formed, or folded. theroof connector is constructed from one of aluminum, a non-aluminummetal, plastic, wood fiber, carbon fiber, fiberglass, magnesium oxide,sheet metal, or composites of or a combination of any thereof; and eachof the first panel, the second panel, the third panel, and the fourthpanel include a respective first sheet and second sheet, the first sheetbeing parallel to the second sheet, a first plurality of spacingstructural elements, fixedly attaching the first sheet to the secondsheet, a first plenum defined by a first spacing between the first sheetand the second sheet, the first plurality of spacing structural elementsbeing formed such that a first plurality of spaced apart unobstructedpathways are created in the first plenum for air to move in a firstdirection from at least one edge of each of the first panel, the secondpanel, the third panel, and the fourth panel to at least one of anopposite and an adjacent edge of each of the first panel, the secondpanel, the third panel, and the fourth panel.
 40. The method of claim 39wherein at least two of the first panel, the second panel, the thirdpanel, and the fourth panel further include a respective third sheet,which is parallel to the second sheet, a second plurality of spacingstructural elements, fixedly attaching the third sheet to the secondsheet, a second plenum defined by a second spacing between the thirdsheet and the second sheet, the second plurality of spacing structuralelements being formed such that a second plurality of spaced apartunobstructed pathways are created in the second plenum for air to movein the first direction from at least one edge of each of the at leasttwo of the first panel, the second panel, the third panel, and thefourth panel to at least one of an opposite and an adjacent edge of eachof the at least two of the first panel, the second panel, the thirdpanel, and the fourth panel.